(2006). Relatively preserved knowledge of music in semantic dementia. but the patient became deeply sedated with urinary retention. Many ideas are put forward; few are developed fully. Rather, he leaves the chapter open-ended about the neurobiology of synesthesia and the varying attitudes of synesthetes toward the role of this phenomenon in their lives. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.007, Merims, D., and Giladi, N. (2008). Natl. Aphasia with elation, hypermusia, musicophilia and compulsive whistling. Sci. A general surgeon once remarked to me that neurologists do not cure diseasethey admire it. However, patients rated the program helpful and potentially beneficial. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. Once the music stops, he returns to a lost place.. The picture emerging from clinical studies, particularly in neurodegenerative dementia diseases, suggest that music (like other complex phenomena) has a modular cognitive architecture instantiated in distributed brain regions (Omar et al., 2010, 2011; Hsieh et al., 2011, 2012). In his book, Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain (2008), Oliver Sacks presents "musicophilia" as a mental disorder that has verifiable effects in the physical and emotional health of the "victim.". Well-known music therapists Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins documented their work with audio recordings and videos of the transformative results of music with children who had emotional or behavioral problems, traumatic experiences, or handicaps. eNotes.com, Inc. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.006, Watanabe, T., Yagishita, S., and Kikyo, H. (2008). To them, certain types of music help treat their symptoms, and give them relief, even if only temporarily. Sacks also writes about Tourette syndrome and the effects that music can have on tics, for example, slowing tics down to match the tempo of a song. Examples include: chomping or crunching slurping swallowing loud breathing throat clearing lip smacking Other. No regional gray matter differences were found between the two patient subgroups (p < 0.05) after correction for multiple voxel-wise comparisons over the whole brain volume. Brain Mapp. Note: When citing an online source, it is important to include all necessary dates. Patient age, gender, TIV, and clinical syndromic group were included a covariates of no interest. Patients who are diagnosed with musicophilia report a sudden, abnormal craving for music and/or increased interest and responsiveness to musical sound. Rev. For example, the cerebellum, a portion that coordinates movement and stores muscle memory, responds well to the introduction of music. An example is chapter 17, Accidental Davening: Dyskinesia and Cantillation, which is only two pages in length. Interestingly, this moving chapter is almost devoid of any connections with neurobiology. Neuronal correlates of perception, imagery, and memory for familiar tunes. In order to adjust for individual differences in global gray matter volumes during subsequent analysis, total intracranial volume (TIV) was calculated for each patient by summing gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid volumes following segmentation of all three tissue classes. The authors conclude that a sudden abnormal craving for music in this patient population represents a shift in interest away from social signals and towards the more abstract hedonic valuation that music represents. Lett. Oliver Sacks, author of Musicophilia, acknowledges the unconscious effects of music as our body tends to join in the rhythmic motions involuntarily. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06465.x, Omar, R., Hailstone, J. C., and Warren, J. D. (2012). Kramer wrote, "Lacking the dynamic that propels Sacks's other work, Musicophilia threatens to disintegrate into a catalogue of disparate phenomena." Brain organization for music processing. One chapter focuses on the well-documented case of Clive Wearing, an English musician and musicologist who suffered devastating amnesia as a result of a brain infection, herpes encephalitis, that affected the memory parts of his brain. Recently, the musical brain has attracted considerable clinical interest, motivated by the prospect of mutually informative insights into both brain disease per se and the music processing brain networks that are vulnerable in particular brain diseases (Omar et al., 2012). It is broken down into four parts, each with a distinctive theme; part one titled Haunted by Music examines mysterious onsets of musicality and musicophilia (and musicophobia). eNotes.com, Inc. Also since then, Ive felt as if, if I dont have music, I cant function. Neurosci. (2012). https://iris.ucl.ac.uk/iris/browse/profile?upi=JDWAR75. Music can pierce the heart directly; it needs no mediation. This major topic could benefit from more integration of neurobiology and emotional states that has been developed, for example, in works such as Daniel Siegels The Mindful Brain (2007), where experiential and neuroscientific knowledge come together in illuminating ways. When should you listen to music to boost task performance? Brain 134, 24562477. Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain. By doing this, music has the ability to temporarily stop the symptoms of such diseases as Parkinson's Disease. Emotion and Meaning in Music. The rhythmic and melodic attributes of music establish an internal sense of expectation and resolution which may carry its own cognitive reward (Meyer, 1956; Huron, 2006). What does all this mean? (2009) described the case of a musically untrained 56 year old woman with SD who became intensely interested in music, playing, and singing along to a small repertoire of recorded pop songs; she also sang along with advertising jingles on the television. Although none of the chapters are lengthy, most of them leave the reader with some food for thought. "Nothing activates the brain so extensively as music," said the late Oliver Sacks, M.D., neurologist and author of Musicophilia.He would've known. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70158-2, Platel, H., Baron, J. C., Desgranges, B., Bernard, F., and Eustache, F. (2003). 4:347. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00347. Neuroimage 20, 244256. Psychol. However, to realize this promise will require an improved understanding of the sometimes complex behavioral symptoms that characterize these diseases, and in particular, how these are linked to brain network disintegration in different FTLD syndromes. This interlude seems puzzling and discordant. Neurol. J. Cogn. You may indeed have a form of musicophilia though the condition is rare. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Proc. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery . Ed. Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. When it comes to which music people respond best to, it is a matter of individual background. Musicophilia was often accompanied by complex behaviors, such as watching music videos for much of the day or singing and dancing along to the music. Brain 131, 890894. Sacks more or less invented the genre of the serious-but-accessible book on the brain, and the novelty of his achievement has naturally dimmed somewhat with time. Musical ear syndrome (MES) describes a condition seen in people who have hearing loss and subsequently develop auditory hallucinations. The groups did not differ in age, gender, or years of education and they performed similarly on tests of executive function, memory and visuoperceptual skills. "Musicophilia - Bibliography" Literary Masterpieces, Volume 3 Still, therapeutic interventions for these conditions do not yet exist. Functional MRI. Examples include musical savants and blindness. The first of many tales within the book Musicophilia contains one of the most compelling patient cases of this condition. Functional MRI evidence of an abnormal neural network for pitch processing in congenital amusia. doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.3.308, Khalfa, S., Isabelle, P., Jean-Pierre, B., and Manon, R. (2002). If there are two dates, the date of publication and appearance The right kind of music, usually legato with a clear rhythm, can help patients with Parkinsonian symptoms entrain their movement, particularly walking, with the steady rhythm of the music. A recent exception was a new paper by Phillip Fletcher and colleagues at the Dementia Research Centre at UCL (UK) who have looked into the brain basis of musicophilia in 12 patients. Log in here. Here we addressed the brain basis of musicophilia using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) on MR volumetric brain images in a retrospectively ascertained cohort of patients meeting clinical consensus criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: of 37 cases ascertained, 12 had musicophilia, and 25 did not exhibit the phenomenon. The 12 patients in the current study who had musicophilia were compared against 25 patients who had FTLD without musicophilia. This fact might explain why there is relatively little literature on musicophilia and, consequently, why the phenomenon is poorly understood. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Statistical parametric maps of regions of significant gray matter preservation in the musicophilic relative to the non-musicophilic patient subgroup (shown at an uncorrected threshold p < 0.001; atrophy of left hippocampus significant at p < 0.05 after small volume correction for multiple voxel-wise comparisons). With that in mind, Sacks examines human's musical inclination through the lens of musical therapy and treatment, as a fair number of neurological injuries and diseases have been documented to be successfully treated with music. He discusses how music therapy can help people with these conditions regain memory. One positive aspect is that, unlike other books in which neuroscience takes center stage with illustrative case examples, Sacks is able to bring a human face to the sometimes arcane neurobiology of music. The citation above will include either 2 or 3 dates. Psychiatr. 4:347. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00347. 16 (August 15, 2007): 843. These cases, as you might guess, are rare. Sacks presents many topics that arouse curiosity about the ways that the human brain and mind process music. With one hand he holds the equipment in place: two big leathery pads smothering his ears, joined by a strap. For the purposes of this study, patients were classified as exhibiting or not exhibiting musicophilia as defined above (musicophilic/non-musicophilic), based chiefly on retrospective review of data obtained from a research questionnaire administered to care-givers detailing patients' behavioral symptoms, including altered musical listening habits, since the onset of the clinical syndrome. At a less stringent uncorrected threshold p < 0.001 over the whole brain volume, additional regional gray matter associations of musicophilia (relative to the non-musicophilic patient subgroup) were identified in left parahippocampal gyrus, temporo-parietal junction and anterior cingulate, and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (Table 2). Ann. Music is one area of human life that has engaged the interest, attention, and imagination of people throughout history. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.0911 03.070225, Pievani, M., de Haan, W., Wu, T., Seeley, W. W., and Frisoni, G. B. =NG 7. mint 8 . However, the question about music has always concerned how we apprehend music. Comparing subgroups of patients with FTLD that were well matched for other clinical and neuropsychological characteristics, development of musicophilia was specifically associated with relative preservation of gray matter in posterior hippocampus and (less robustly) a distributed network of additional areas including parahippocampal, temporo-parietal, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortices; and with atrophy of gray matter in posterior parietal and orbitofrontal cortices. Why music suddenly gains such a high degree of emotional value for musicophilics is not a question that is resolved by this research. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.024, Warren, J. D. (2008). The structural neuroanatomy of music emotion recognition: evidence from frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Most patients in the non-musicophilic subgroup had no change in their premorbid music listening behavior, however there were several who had lost interest in music or developed an active aversion to music following the onset of cognitive decline. Sacks successfully shows that musicophilia is a crucial part of being human. Most famously and mysteriously, music stirs deep and varied emotions. This centrality of the planum temporale for the perception of both speech and music among other things has led researchers to examine intriguing questions about the interrelationship and origins of both linguistic and musical abilities. doi:10.1093/brain/awn017, Warren, J. D., Rohrer, J. D., and Hardy, J. The proportion of patients with musicophilia was similar among cases with particular genetic mutations versus sporadic cases (one patient with a MAPT mutation and one with a C9ORF72 mutation in the musicophilic subgroup; other genetic cases in the non-musicophilic group). Patient demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological characteristics are summarized in Table 1. It will be important to assess musicophilia in relation to abnormal extra-musical behaviors associated with FTLD. At the moment there are no tests from musicophilia. The Dementia Research Centre is an Alzheimer's Research UK Co-ordinating Centre. Even listening involves and evokes motor responses. With an introduction by neuroscientist Daniel Glaser. Table 1. However, Clive can only remember how to do so in the moment. 10 (November 2, 2007): 63. Initially, this might seem somewhat surprising in view of the widely recognized social role of music and previous arguments advanced by our group and others in support of a role for music in modeling surrogate social interactions (Mithen, 2005; Warren, 2008; Downey et al., 2012). Seven patients with bvFTD had genetic confirmation of a pathogenic mutation causing FTLD (five cases with MAPT and three cases with C9ORF72 mutations). Kirkus Reviews 75, no. First, the music therapist assesses each client to determine impairments, preferences, and skill level. 400 pp. Neuron 62, 4252. New Statesman 137 (October 29, 2007): 55-56. (2001). The authors noted that the network that they found corresponded well with the so-called default network which helps to mediate internally directed thought. Next, treatment is determined based on individualized goals and selection as well as frequency and length of sessions. Musicophilia developed more frequently in the SD syndromic group (39% of cases) than the bvFTD syndromic group (26% of cases). The cognitive organization of music knowledge: a clinical analysis. However, there were no differing effects between live versus recorded music and between structured music therapy groups versus passive listening. In patients with dementia, it is found that most patients respond to music from their youth, rather than relying on a certain rhythm or element. For example, an Alzheimer's patient would not be able to recognize his wife, but would still remember how to play the piano because he dedicated this knowledge to muscle memory when he was young. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.. Book review on Musicophilia. (2011). 1400040817 9781400040810. cccc. Another person who is not a musician associates color with light, shape, and position. They also exhibit a superior level of responsiveness to different artistic manifestations. Music and the Brain: What Happens When You're Listening to Music. Pegasus Magazine, University of Central Florida, www.ucf.edu/pegasus/your-brain-on-music/. After the lightning strike the man was left with no long lasting significant cognitive changes (remarkable) with the excepting of a new raging passion for music, both in the form of listening and in learning the piano. There were other less impressive differences in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and anterior cingulate. Musicophilia was defined as increased interest in music compared with the patient's premorbid behavior, as reflected in increased time spent listening to music or requests to listen to music and/or heightened music-seeking or music associated behaviors (such as dancing or singing along to music). This work was also funded by the Wellcome Trust and by the UK Medical Research Council. This interpretation would be consistent both with available clinical data (Boeve and Geda, 2001; Rohrer et al., 2006; Hailstone et al., 2009; Omar et al., 2010, 2011; Hsieh et al., 2011, 2012) and with functional imaging work in the healthy brain (Blood and Zatorre, 2001; Peretz and Zatorre, 2005) implicating antero-medial and inferior frontal lobe neocortices and their subcortical connections to limbic and brainstem autonomic structures in the generation of intensely pleasurable responses to music. Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks on music. "Musicophilia" Literary Masterpieces, Volume 3 Revised and Expanded. 2008 eNotes.com Qualitatively, most patients in the musicophilic subgroup spent more time listening to music. We perceive its structure. Brain 134, 25652581. (2011). Rohrer et al. Although emotional functioning scores increased and perception of pain improved significantly, they determined the outcome was inconclusive because patients have differing levels of manageable side effects and a hope to survive may influence expectations of treatment. 1252, 318324. All the patients in this study had frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a term used to describe a range of dementia related diseases where the brain exhibits atrophy, or loss of grey matter. U.S.A. 98, 1181811823. None of the patients with musicophilia was a professional musician; however, detailed data on patients' premorbid musical training or experience were not available. The first part of Musicophilia addresses topics such as musicogenic epilepsy, musical hallucinations, and sudden onsets of musicophilia. 19 (November 10, 2007): 303. amusia. In part 1, these troubling conditions are balanced with the opening chapter about a man who was struck by lightning and was subsequently seized with a passion for classical music, to which he had previously paid scant attention. Good question. Jason D. Warren is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Fellowship (Grant No 091673/Z/10/Z). Rather musicophilia describes when someone's music listening habits and reactions suddenly go into overdrive, typically following a brain injury or illness. In Pitch Imperfect: Cochlear Amusia, Sacks explains that because of the extreme complexity and delicacy of the ear, many things can impair hearing. Some of the chapters are less satisfying, and a few are so brief that one wonders about the reason for their inclusion. Music psychology can shed light on non-psychological aspects of musicology . However, unlike other animal species (such as birds) whose musical prowess is easier to understand in relation on a biological/evolutionary level, humanity's draw towards music and song is less clear-cut. Still, an important cautionary point is the vulnerability of the ear, especially its delicate hair cells, to loud noises, with which we are bombarded constantly. Abnormally enhanced appreciation of music or musicophilia, reflected in increased listening to music, craving for music, and/or willingness to listen to music even at the expense of other daily life activities, may rarely signal brain disease: examples include neurodevelopmental disorders such as Williams' syndrome (Martens et al., 2010), head trauma (Sacks, 2007), stroke (Jacome, 1984), temporal lobe epilepsy on anticonvulsant therapy (Rohrer et al., 2006), and focal degenerations particularly involving the temporal lobes (Boeve and Geda, 2001; Hailstone et al., 2009). Showing 1 to 3 of 8 entries. Annu. Based on the 2008 BBC documentary by Alan Yentob and Louise Lockwood. The music serves as a cane to these patients, and when the music is taken away, the symptoms return. In essence, musical play creates an atmosphere that emboldens a child to free expression and reproductive skills. "Musicophilia" is disappointing in some respects, compared to some of his 11 other books. 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